Boolean operators rcode1/5/2024 For example, in the code below, we prove to ourselves that what we might think of as a scalar value is actually a vector of length one. str() is short for structure and prints a compact, human-readable description of any R data structure. Individual numbers or strings are actually vectors of length one.Īn efficient way to understand what comprises a given object is to use the str() function. R has no scalar types, i.e., 0-dimensional. TABLE 4.1: Dimension and type content of base data structures These base structures can also be organized by their dimensionality, i.e., 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or N-dimensional, as shown in Table 4.1. Data frames and lists allow elements to be of different types or heterogeneous, e.g., some elements of a data frame may be numeric while other elements may be character. The first three, vectors, matrices, and arrays, require all elements to be of the same type or homogeneous, e.g., all numeric or all character. The base data structures in R are vectors, matrices, arrays, data frames, and lists. The ideas and methods, however, generalize to larger and more complex data sets. To help initial understanding, the data in this chapter will be relatively modest in size and complexity. This chapter’s focus is on data structures. Statistical software and programming languages have methods (or functions) designed to operate on different kinds of data structures. The structure is designed so that data can be accessed and worked with in specific ways.
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